What causes tartar on teeth

What is Tartar?

Tartar, medically termed dental calculus, is a hardened deposit that forms on teeth. It is essentially calcified plaque, a sticky, colorless to pale yellow film that constantly develops on your teeth. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can mineralize and harden, transforming into tartar. This process typically begins within 24 to 72 hours after plaque formation.

How Does Plaque Turn into Tartar?

The formation of tartar is a natural consequence of plaque accumulation. Plaque is a biofilm composed of bacteria, food particles, and saliva. These bacteria feed on sugars and starches found in the food we eat, producing acids as a byproduct. If plaque is not removed promptly, it mixes with minerals present in saliva, such as calcium and phosphates. This process, known as calcification or mineralization, causes the plaque to harden and adhere firmly to the tooth surface, both above and below the gum line. The rough surface of tartar provides an even more hospitable environment for plaque to accumulate, creating a vicious cycle.

Factors Contributing to Tartar Buildup

Several factors can contribute to the increased formation and accumulation of tartar:

• Poor Oral Hygiene: This is the most significant factor. Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to remain on the teeth for extended periods, giving it ample time to calcify.
• Diet: A diet high in sugary and starchy foods provides more fuel for the bacteria in plaque, leading to increased acid production and faster plaque buildup.
• Smoking and Tobacco Use: Tobacco products, including cigarettes and chewing tobacco, are strongly linked to increased tartar formation. Nicotine and other chemicals in tobacco can alter the oral environment, promoting calcification and making it harder to remove plaque.
• Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Saliva plays a crucial role in washing away food particles and neutralizing acids. Reduced saliva flow, often caused by medications, medical conditions, or dehydration, can lead to a faster buildup of plaque and tartar.
• Genetics: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to forming plaque and tartar more quickly than others.
• Crowded Teeth: Teeth that are misaligned or crowded can be more difficult to clean effectively, leading to areas where plaque and tartar can accumulate more easily.
• Age: While not a direct cause, tartar buildup can become more noticeable with age as a result of prolonged exposure and potentially less effective oral hygiene practices over time.

The Dangers of Tartar

Tartar is more than just an aesthetic concern; it poses significant threats to oral health:

• Gum Disease (Periodontitis): The rough surface of tartar irritates the gums, leading to inflammation (gingivitis). If left untreated, this can progress to periodontitis, a severe infection that damages the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth, potentially leading to tooth loss.
• Tooth Decay: The bacteria within plaque and tartar can produce acids that erode tooth enamel, causing cavities.
• Bad Breath (Halitosis): The bacteria contributing to plaque and tartar produce volatile sulfur compounds, which are responsible for persistent bad breath.
• Staining: Tartar's porous surface readily absorbs stains from food, drinks (like coffee and red wine), and tobacco, making teeth appear yellow or brown.

Preventing and Removing Tartar

Preventing tartar buildup is key to maintaining good oral health. This involves:

• Excellent Oral Hygiene: Brush your teeth thoroughly at least twice a day for two minutes each time, using fluoride toothpaste. Pay attention to the gum line.
• Daily Flossing: Floss between your teeth at least once a day to remove plaque and food particles from areas your toothbrush cannot reach.
• Regular Dental Check-ups and Cleanings: Visit your dentist and dental hygienist regularly (usually every six months) for professional cleanings. They have the specialized tools to remove tartar that you cannot remove at home.
• Antiseptic Mouthwash: Using an antiseptic mouthwash can help reduce the bacteria in your mouth, further aiding in plaque control.
• Healthy Diet: Limit sugary and starchy foods and drinks.
• Quit Smoking: If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for your oral health.

It is crucial to understand that once plaque has hardened into tartar, it cannot be removed by brushing or flossing alone. Professional dental cleanings are essential for its removal. Ignoring tartar buildup can lead to serious dental problems that can affect your overall health.