What is pneumonia

Understanding Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs) become inflamed and fill with fluid or pus. This inflammation and fluid accumulation prevents oxygen from being properly absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can range from mild (sometimes called "walking pneumonia") to severe, requiring hospitalization.

Types of Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type in adults, often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Viral pneumonia is frequently caused by influenza or rhinovirus and often less severe than bacterial pneumonia. Fungal pneumonia typically affects immunocompromised individuals, and aspiration pneumonia results from inhaling food, liquids, or stomach contents. Each type requires different treatment approaches.

Symptoms and Signs

Common symptoms include persistent cough (with or without sputum), high fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Some people experience fatigue, loss of appetite, and confusion, particularly elderly patients. Symptoms typically develop 1-3 days after contracting a respiratory infection.

Risk Factors and Causes

Pneumonia risk increases with age over 65, smoking, chronic diseases like diabetes or COPD, weakened immune system, recent surgery, or prolonged bed rest. Children under 5, particularly those in crowded settings, are also at higher risk. Previous respiratory infections and hospitalization are additional risk factors.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, chest X-rays, and sometimes sputum culture or blood tests to identify the causative organism. Bacterial pneumonia requires antibiotics, while viral pneumonia is treated with supportive care including rest, fluids, and fever management. Hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases. Recovery typically takes 1-3 weeks for uncomplicated pneumonia.